The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), composed by Hathaway (a psychologist) and McKinley (a physician) is the outcome of decades of research into personality disorders. The revised version, the MMPI-II (also known as MMPI-2), was published in 1989 but was received cautiously. MMPI-II changed the scoring method and some of the normative data. It was, therefore, hard to compare it to its much hallowed (and oft validated) predecessor.

The MMPI-II is made of 567 binary (true or false) items (questions). Each item requires the subject to respond: “This is true (or false) as applied to me”. There are no “correct” answers. The test booklet allows the diagnostician to provide a rough assessment of the patient (the “basic scales”) based on the first 370 queries (though it is recommended to administer all of 567 of them).
Based on numerous studies, the items are arranged in scales. The responses are compared to answers provided by “control subjects”. The scales allow the diagnostician to identify traits and mental health problems based on these comparisons. In other words, there are no answers that are “typical to paranoid or narcissistic or antisocial patients”. There are only responses that deviate from an overall statistical pattern and conform to the reaction patterns of other patients with similar scores. The nature of the deviation determines the patient’s traits and tendencies – but not his or her diagnosis!

The interpreted outcomes of the MMPI-II are phrased thus: “The test results place subject X in this group of patients who, statistically-speaking, reacted similarly. The test results also set subject X apart from these groups of people who, statistically-speaking, responded differently”. The test results would never say: “Subject X suffers from (this or that) mental health problem”.

There are three validity scales and ten clinical ones in the original MMPI-II, but other scholars derived hundreds of additional scales. For instance: to help in diagnosing personality disorders, most diagnosticians use either the MMPI-I with the Morey-Waugh-Blashfield scales in conjunction with the Wiggins content scales – or the MMPI-II updated to include the Colligan-Morey-Offord scales.

The validity scales indicate whether the 웹툰미리보기 patient responded truthfully and accurately or was trying to manipulate the test. They pick up patterns. Some patients want to appear normal (or abnormal) and consistently choose what they believe are the “correct” answers. This kind of behavior triggers the validity scales. These are so sensitive that they can indicate whether the subject lost his or her place on the answer sheet and was responding randomly! The validity scales also alert the diagnostician to problems in reading comprehension and other inconsistencies in response patterns.

The clinical scales are dimensional (though not multiphasic as the test’s misleading name implies). They measure hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviation, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion. There are also scales for alcoholism, post-traumatic stress disorder, and personality disorders.

The interpretation of the MMPI-II is now fully computerized. The computer is fed with the patients’ age, sex, educational level, and marital status and does the rest.

툰코

Your desk may reveal more to your co-workers and boss than you may think. In fact, a recent survey conducted on behalf of a desktop solutions line suggests there are three distinct organizational types in the typical office-“pilers,” “filers” and “tossers.” Chances are, the person who has heaps of piles on the desk sits next to you, the obsessive filer sits across from you and the person who throws everything away is down the hall.

“The fact that you can never find anything on a co-worker’s desk when you need it seems to suggest that everyone has their own system of organization,” said Sharon Mann, organizational expert and president of the 100,000-member I Hate Filing Club. “This recent study supports this belief as it divides workers into three organizational types: pilers, filers and tossers. With pilers comprising the largest segment of 툰코 the workforce, developing PileSmart-a line catering directly to pilers’ needs-was simply the right solution.”

According to Mann, your organizational style may actually reveal intimate details about your character. So, how do you stack up?

-> Popular Pilers, the most common workplace personality (48 percent), may seem disorganized but have the ability to locate items quickly amongst their mountainous stacks. They are also more likely to own a dog and belong to the Democratic Party. Contrary to popular belief, professionals (including lawyers, doctors and accountants) are more than three times more likely to pile important papers on their desk than to file them away.

-> Faithful Filers, at the opposite end of the spectrum, comprise more than one-third of the workforce and are known for appearing ultraorganized. Although they seem calm and collected, filers can sometimes act fussy and anxious. Filers are more likely to be uptight and most likely to identify with the Republican Party. For companionship, filers tend to flock toward birds.

-> Tart Tossers, the risk takers of the bunch, making up 14 percent of the work world, throw away anything that adds clutter to their work area-even the important stuff. Free-spirited 조아툰 tossers are frequently unregistered voters. Additionally, they are more likely to own a cat, possibly because of their low-maintenance attitude.

“Whether a piler, filer or tosser, everyone can benefit from proper organization,” added Mann. “The key to boosting organization in the long run is to set realistic goals, such as keeping 50 percent of your desk clear at all times. Also, choose smarter organizational solutions, such as those in the PileSmart product family, which allow users to ‘pile smarter’ without altering their organizational style.”

Anxiety disorders are a mental problem as old as civilization, though there are numerous unconfirmed reports that more people are having problems with anxiety and phobias now than ever. While these reports lack concrete evidence to back their claims up, there are several mental health issues that need to be considered here. Modern society, with all the concerns over ethics, morality, propriety, and social rules can have a rather unpleasant effect on the mind.

While not all minds fall apart from the pressures and demands placed by living in a civilized world, there are some scenarios and elements that make people feel as if they’re dangerously close to that precarious edge. Again, there is currently no real, hard evidence to back the following claims up, but the sheer amount of anecdotal evidence is able to spark more than just a passing concern. The fact is, a lot of people feel that modern civilization has produced more fear and anxiety in its own citizens than any civilization before it, and below are a few of the most commonly cited reasons for this view.

Reason #1: Bureaucracy

As things get larger and more complex, the more difficult it becomes to connect the dots between one part and another. This is true for the ecologies of large natural environments, where even the most hardened ecologists have difficulty putting together all the links in the chain. This is also true for the modern environment, where each department is set up to be an independent authority over its specific task, yet is inevitably linked to each other department in ways that nobody but the people in charge really seems to actually understand. People can sometimes develop massive amounts of stress and anxiety when dealing with bureaucracy, whether it is in the places where they work or in the institutions around them. With this sort of framework present in pretty much every company in some form, is it any wonder that employees tend to develop anxiety disorders over time?

Reason #2: Ignorance

This one requires a bit of explanation. There is a general tendency for citizens of one country to be completely and utterly ignorant of the culture, customs, and mores of another culture. This is true even if the other culture is basically the country next door. This inevitably leads to people feeling a collective fear and anxiety when exposed to those foreign cultures, all the while being completely unaware of how much fear and anxiety their own culture causes people in other countries. This ignorance, along with the fear and anxiety that follows, can result in any number of negative backlashes. Even ignorance of the quirks and habits of one’s neighbor can result in irreversible harm being done to one’s family, friends, or even one’s community. How do you think the Salem Witch Trials started in the first place? Anxiety and phobias directed towards the vulnerable and unwanted members of the community, mixed in with a healthy dose of good old-fashioned religious fascism.

Reason #3: The Media

The media, more than any other factor in the modern world, is the source of countless social problems. From telling people that greed is good back in the early 80s to pushing the idea that being bigger than a size zero means you’re fat, the media has long exerted a degree of control over people that is far from healthy. Several cases of performance anxiety, status anxiety, and even social anxiety can be traced back to a fictional character or the media portrayal of a famous personality. In a few rare cases, the media can even push a person to feel separation anxiety, generally in the form of an extreme unwillingness to let go of the legacy of some dead celebrity, such as Elvis or Princess Diana.

향남출장안마

Have you ever felt the need to conform just to be with the in crowd? How about feeling an overwhelming desire to belong to a group that youll do anything they tell you just to be accepted? Have you ever been forced to prove yourself worthy of getting into a group? You may be under peer pressure.

Peer pressure has been described as the pressure exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change their attitude, behavior and/or morals. It can be as little as dressing the same way as the rest of the group or hanging out at the same places, to forcing you to drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes, or worse, break laws. Peer pressure may come from people who wouldnt associate with you except for times when they need you, as well as from your closest friends.

As one grows older, people are faced with situations that require a decision. Some people have a clear idea of what choices they should take. However, there are some who remain undecided. During the teenage years, a part of the brain is being developed. This is the part that is specifically for thought process and judgment. This is the time when kids start developing their own ideas and ideals. Having someone asserting their personal ideals may affect a persons decision-making ability. Its difficult enough to make decisions on your own, let alone to have people pressuring you to do things their way.

Being subjected to this kind of pressure causes anxiety to everybody, kids and adults alike. It produces a 화성출장안마 paranoid feeling that they should keep pleasing other people just to belong. These people might show signs of negativism, lying or excessive shyness. They would start second-guessing themselves, thinking that theyre not good enough to be in the group. They would also start lying about where theyve been, who they were with, or what theyve been doing; they can also develop a very low self-esteem, making them extremely shy and distant.

However, not all peer pressure is negative. Good peer pressure is when you are pushed to do something good that you didnt have the courage to do or have never crossed your mind. Positive peer pressure may result to close friendships. This is where one meets people who are positive role models, receive good feedbacks and sound advices, practice clean socializing skills, gain new learning experiences, and get encouragement and support. All of these would come from true friends that know you and have only your best interest at heart.

If you feel the need to conform just to be part of the in crowd, ask yourself: Do I really want to do it, or am I just going to do it because everybody else is doing it? Or just because theyre telling me to do it? Not everything people say or do is right. The key is to understand ones self better to know if this is what you really want or if youre ready. Friends will always be there to give you a piece of their mind and give you a little push to whatever direction. Responding to peer pressure is a natural thing, but knowing who to listen to is the biggest decision to make.

Labor day is just around the corner and most parents are busy with back to school shopping, while kids are savoring their last sweet days of summer. But there is a growing population of children who are not gearing up 뉴토끼 to return to school. These are homeschoolers. They do not have to wait to see what classes they were assigned. They choose their own courses of study with help from their parents, an eye toward state requirements and college admissions recommendations, and possibly with the guidance of a Homeschooling Consultant.

Parents new to homeschooling call me to help them plan curriculum, meet state requirements, and figure out how to provide their kids with social opportunities, explains Rivka Seeman, a private Homeschooling Consultant based here in New York City. Parents who are already homeschooling may call to discuss something that is not working, or to find creative opportunities for their children to learn outside the home. Sometimes teenagers find my website and prompt their parents to call. 웹툰미리보기 Its all about giving parents a greater diversity of options so they can provide their children with the education that will be best for them, Rivka continues. For some kids that will mean going to school, but for some kids it doesnt.

Unlike children returning to school, their education will not take place in one building this year. It will take place at home, at the library, at several museums, at sports classes, at an art class at their community college, at the nursing home where they volunteer, at their home run businesses, at their community gardens, and on a walking tour of the city. It will take place while they lie barefoot in the grass happily reading a good book. They will be learning wherever and whenever and their learning will not stop with the ringing of a bell at 3:00.

조아툰